Plastisphere community assemblage of aquatic environment: plastic-microbe interaction, role in degradation and characterization technologies

Dey, Sujata; Rout, Ajaya Kumar; Behera, Bijay Kumar; Ghosh, Koushik

doi:10.1186/s40793-022-00430-4

Environmental Microbiome

Table 3 Technologies to characterize the plastisphere and study the associated microbes

From: Plastisphere community assemblage of aquatic environment: plastic-microbe interaction, role in degradation and characterization technologies

Type	Size	Shape	Characterization area	Tools	References
Plastisphere substrate
PE,PP,PS,PVC,PET,PCL,PA	< 50 µm/1–50 µm	Fragment	Quantitative & qualitative composition of microparticles	Raman microspectroscopy	[240]
PE,PP,PS,PVC,PET,PCL,PA	< 50 µm/1–50 µm	Fragment	Plastic particle-Heavy metal contamination	ICP-MS	[240]
PET	> 300 µm	Fibre	Characterization & functional group identification of microplastics	FTIR	[64]
PET	> 300 µm	Fibre	Morphological & physical characterization	Stereomicroscopy	[64]
PS,PS/PMMA blend	< 100 nm, 5–10 nm	Thin film	Chemical characterization & identification	AFM-IR	[241]
PP,PS,PVC	> 0.1 µm	Pellet, granule and powder	Identification & semi-quantification of microplastics	Py-GCToF	[242]
PE,PP,PS,PVC,PA,EPDM	0.5–0.25 mm	Fragment and fibre	Quantification of microplastics	Stereomicroscopy	[243]
PE,PP,PS,PVC,PA,EPDM	0.5–0.25 mm	Fragment and fibre	Identification of polymer composition	Py-GC/MS	[243]
PE,PP,PS,PVC,PET,PC,PA,LDPE,HDPE	< 200 µm	Fragment	Rapid identification & quantification of microplastics	Flow cytometry	[244]
PE,OXO,AA-OXO,PHBV	9 mm	Fragment	Surface roughness & hydrophobicity	Tensiometry	[89]
PP,PS,HDPE,LDPE	4.5 mm	Fragment	Coarseness	Tensiometry	[207]
PE,PS,PP,PA,PVC	75–180 µm	Powder	Surface morphology characterization	SEM	[2]
PE,PS,PP,PA,PVC	75–180 µm	Powder	Crystalline composition of microplastic	XRD	[2]
Plastisphere microbes
Microbial colonization				Microfluidics	[235]
Surface covered by microbial cells & extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)				Epifluorescence microscopy	[89]
Surface colonization				AFM	[89]
Microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) measurement				CLSM	[207]
Microbial colonization				SEM	[207]
Microbial attachment				Microfluidics	[236]
Differential gene expression of microbes under different concentrations of heavy metals				RT-PCR	[222]
Measuring changes in community structure & function				16S rRNA profiling	[32]
Measuring changes in community structure & function				Metatranscriptomics	[32]
Quantification of ARG & mobile genetic elements (MGE)				HT-qPCR & ARG ChIP	[212]
Taxonomic & evolutionary trait analysis				WGS	[213]
Mutation in ARGs & MRGs				WGS	[225]
Evolutionary study				GREACE	[226]

PE Polyethylene; PP Polypropylene; PS Polystyrene; PVC Polyvinyl chloride; PET Polyethylene terephthalate; PCL Polycaprolactone; PA Polyamide; PMMA Poly(methyl methacrylate); EPDM Ethylene propylene diene monomer; LDPE Low-density polyethylene; HDPE High-density polyethylene; OXO additivated PE with pro-oxidant; AA-OXO artificially aged OXO; PHBV Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate); PUF Polyurethane foam; PLA Polylactic acid; PU Polyurethane; ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; FTIR Fourier transform infrared microscopy; AFM-IR Atomic force microscope-infrared spectroscopy; Py-GCToF Pyrolysis–gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry; Py-GC/MS Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry; SEM Scanning electron microscopy; XRD X-ray diffraction; AFM Atomic force microscopy; CLSM Confocal laser scanning microscopy; RT-PCR Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; HT-qPCR High throughput quantitative real-time PCR; ARG ChIP Antibiotic resistance genes chromatin immunoprecipitation; WGS Whole-genome sequencing; GREACE Genome replication engineering assisted continuous evolution

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ISSN: 2524-6372

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